第一背侧骨间肌萎缩是手部内在肌功能障碍的常见临床表现，其病因复杂，涉及运动神经元、颈神经根、臂丛神经、尺神经深支等多个环节的损害。神经电生理技术作为评估神经肌肉功能的核心技术，对于该疾病的定位诊断和病因鉴别尤为重要。下文对目前神经电生理技术在第一背侧骨间肌萎缩中的诊断策略进行综述，通过系统性的检测方案，提高诊断的精确性和效率。策略强调从病史和体格检查入手，进行针对性的针极肌电图和神经传导速度检测，重点关注尺神经深支、正中神经返支及C8/T1神经根支配的关键肌肉，以实现从周围到中枢、从远端到近端的精准定位，以期为临床治疗方案的制定提供可靠的客观依据。

First dorsal interosseous muscle atrophy is a common clinical manifestation of intrinsic hand muscle dysfunction. Its etiology is complex， involving damage to multiple components such as motor neurons， cervical nerve roots， brachial plexus nerves， and the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Neurophysiological techniques， as core technologies for assessing neuromuscular function， are particularly crucial for localizing the diagnosis and differentiating the causes of this condition.This paper reviews current diagnostic strategies for first dorsal interosseous muscle atrophy using neuroelectrophysiological techniques， enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency through systematic testing protocols. The strategy emphasizes starting with medical history and physical examination， followed by targeted needle electromyography （EMG） and nerve conduction velocity （NCV） testing. Key focus is placed on muscles innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve， the recurrent branch of the median nerve， and the C8/T1 nerve roots. This approach enables precise localization from peripheral to central， and from distal to proximal， providing reliable objective evidence for formulating clinical treatment plans.