Research progress in scar squamous cell carcinoma

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9450.2023.01.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Scar squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of scar carcinoma. In the environment of infection, ultraviolet radiation and other carcinogenic factors, scar tissue often becomes cancerous, especially in scar squamous cell carcinoma. Scar squamous cell carcinoma is most common in malignant transformation of burn scars, and its occurrence is also related to surgical and trauma history, chronic ulcers, and infection. The incidence of malignant transformation of scar is low and occult, which often leads to difficulty in diagnosis, delay or even missed diagnosis, increases the late metastasis rate of patients, and leads to poor prognosis. Therefore, this article focuses on the prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations and histopathology of scar squamous cell carcinoma, and reviews the existing surgical treatment and adjuvant therapy for different types of lesions, so as to prepare for early diagnosis and prevention, in order to reduce the incidence of scar squamous cell carcinoma and improve the prognosis of patients.

Key words: Carcinoma, squamous cell, Skin, Burns, Cicatrix, Ulcer, Prognosis

Wenhan Zhang, Cheng Wang. Research progress in scar squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Injury Repair and Wound Healing(Electronic Edition), 2023, 18(01): 59-64.

/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://zhssyxfzz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9450.2023.01.009

https://zhssyxfzz.cma-cmc.com.cn/EN/Y2023/V18/I01/59

References 57

[1]	Guo BW, Pan T, Chen HB, et al. Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis Analysis of Marjolin′s Ulcer in 40 Cases[J]. Curr Med Sci, 2018, 38(6): 1038-1044.
[2]	张家平，江旭品. 瘢痕癌性溃疡诊断与治疗专家共识(2020年版)[J/CD]. 中华损伤与修复杂志(电子版), 2020, 15(4): 264-267.
[3]	Kanth AM, Heiman AJ, Nair L, et al. Current Trends in Management of Marjolin′s Ulcer: A Systematic Review[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2021, 42(2): 144-151.
[4]	Das KK, Chakaraborty A, Rahman A, et al. Incidences of malignancy in chronic burn scar ulcers: experience from Bangladesh[J]. Burns, 2015, 41(6): 1315-1321.
[5]	Kim JM, Su WP, Kurtin PJ, et al. Marjolin′s ulcer: immunohistochemical study of 17 cases and comparison with common squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma[J]. J Cutan Pathol, 1992, 19(4): 278-285.
[6]	Oruç M, Kankaya Y, Sungur N, et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of Marjolin ulcers over two decades[J]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2017, 33(7): 327-333.
[7]	Alvarez Rio A, Roca Mas JO, Navarro Sanchez D, et al. Aggressive Acute Marjolin′s Ulcer Arising in a Burn Scar[J]. Case Rep Dermatol Med, 2022, 2022: 8329050.
[8]	Chiriac AE, Betiu M, Brzezinski P, et al. Malignant Degeneration of Scars[J]. Cancer Manag Res, 2020, 12: 10297-10302.
[9]	Kawaguchi M, Kato H, Tomita H, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Differentiating Cutaneous Basal Cell Carcinoma from Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Head and Neck Region[J]. Korean J Radiol, 2020, 21(3): 325-331.
[10]	Abdi MA, Yan M, Hanna TP. Systematic Review of Modern Case Series of Squamous Cell Cancer Arising in a Chronic Ulcer (Marjolin′s Ulcer) of the Skin[J]. JCO Glob Oncol, 2020, 6: 809-818.
[11]	Saaiq M, Ashraf B. Marjolin′s ulcers in the post-burned lesions and scars[J]. World J Clin Cases, 2014, 2(10): 507-514.
[12]	Copcu E. Marjolin′s ulcer: a preventable complication of burns？[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2009, 124(1): 156e-164e.
[13]	Boykin JV, Eriksson E, Pittman RN. In vivo microcirculation of a scald burn and the progression of postburn dermal ischemia[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1980, 66(2): 191-198.
[14]	Prasanna M, Mishra P, Thomas C. Delayed primary closure of the burn wounds[J]. Burns, 2004, 30(2): 169-175.
[15]	Kowal-Vern A, Criswell BK. Burn scar neoplasms: a literature review and statistical analysis[J]. Burns, 2005, 31(4): 403-413.
[16]	Zuo KJ, Tredget EE. Multiple Marjolin′s ulcers arising from irradiated post-burn hypertrophic scars: a case report[J]. Burns, 2014, 40(4): e21-25.
[17]	Eliassen A, Vandy F, McHugh J, et al. Marjolin′s ulcer in a patient with chronic venous stasis[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2013, 27(8): 1182.e5-8.
[18]	Smith J, Mello LF, Nogueira Neto NC, et al. Malignancy in chronic ulcers and scars of the leg (Marjolin′s ulcer): a study of 21 patients[J]. Skeletal Radiol, 2001, 30(6): 331-337.
[19]	Conlon C, Pupa L, Reece EM, et al. When Benign Becomes Cancer: Malignant Degeneration of Chronic Inflammation[J]. Semin Plast Surg, 2021, 35(3): 159-163.
[20]	秦国强，丁明华. MEBO联合NPWT、自体微粒皮种植技术在瘢痕性压疮治疗中的创新应用[C]//第15届全国烧伤创疡学术会议论文汇编，2018: 339-343.
[21]	Furtado C, Datta P, Zeitoun R. Radiological appearances of metastatic Marjolin ulcer in a chronic pressure sore: a case report and literature review[J]. Radiol Case Rep, 2022, 17(10): 3907-3910.
[22]	Allepot K, Curings P, Viard R, et al. Diagnostic pitfall: Early arising, multiple and recurrent Marjolin′s ulcer. About 8 patients (16 tumors) and literature review[J]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet, 2021, 66(2): 151-158.
[23]	Ghadiri SJ, Kloczko E, Flohr C. Topical treatments in the management of keloids and hypertrophic scars: a critically appraised topic[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2022, 187(6): 855-856.
[24]	Nielsen RM, Andersen F, Salskov-Iversen ML. Squamous cell carcinoma in ulcer after bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination[J]. Ugeskr Laeger, 2014, 176(42): V01140059.
[25]	Kluger N, Dissard C. Basal cell carcinoma in a smallpox vaccination scar[J]. Presse Med, 2014, 43(3): 332-333.
[26]	Bazaliński D, Przybek-Mita J, Barańska B, et al. Marjolin′s ulcer in chronic wounds - review of available literature[J]. Contemp Oncol (Pozn), 2017, 21(3): 197-202.
[27]	Czarnecki D, Nicholson I, Tait B, et al. HLA DR4 is associated with the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas and malignant melanoma[J]. Dermatology, 1993, 187(1): 16-18.
[28]	Harland DL, Robinson WA, Franklin WA. Deletion of the p53 gene in a patient with aggressive burn scar carcinoma[J]. J Trauma, 1997, 42(1): 104-107.
[29]	Lee SH, Shin MS, Kim HS, et al. Somatic mutations of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) gene in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising from a burn scar[J]. J Invest Dermatol, 2000, 114(1): 122-126.
[30]	Wang L, Hou S, Li J, et al. Circular RNA circ-LARP1B contributes to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression by targeting microRNA-515-5p/TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor axis[J]. Bioengineered, 2022, 13(1): 1209-1223.
[31]	Chen J, Hou SF, Tang FJ, et al. HOTAIR/Sp1/miR-199a critically regulates cancer stemness and malignant progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Oncogene, 2022, 41(1): 99-111.
[32]	Sinha S, Su S, Workentine M, et al. Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Evidence of Chronically Impeded ECM Turnover and Epithelium-to-Mesenchyme Transition in Scar Tissue Giving Rise to Marjolin′s Ulcer[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2017, 38(1): e14-e22.
[33]	Foster DS, Jones RE, Ransom RC, et al. The evolving relationship of wound healing and tumor stroma[J]. JCI Insight, 2018, 3(18): e99911.
[34]	Lu P, Weaver VM, Werb Z. The extracellular matrix: a dynamic niche in cancer progression[J]. J Cell Biol, 2012, 196(4): 395-406.
[35]	Alhysoni KA, Bukhari SM, Hajjaj MF. Acute Marjolin′s Ulcer in a Postauricular Scar after Mastoidectomy[J]. Case Rep Otolaryngol, 2016, 2016: 2046954.
[36]	Burusapat C, Wanichjaroen N, Wongprakob N, et al. Characteristics of Marjolin′s Ulcers in 21st Century: A Retrospective Study, Systematic Review, and Surgical Guideline Recommendation[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2021, 42(2): 152-166.
[37]	Sadegh Fazeli M, Lebaschi AH, Hajirostam M, et al. Marjolin′s ulcer: clinical and pathologic features of 83 cases and review of literature[J]. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 2013, 27(4): 215-224.
[38]	牛大伟，韩志新，李振超，等. 31例烧伤后瘢痕癌患者的临床治疗分析[J]. 中国烧伤创疡杂志，2021, 33(4): 291-295.
[39]	Pratt DV, Pelton RW, Patel BC, et al. Burn scar malignancies of the eyelids[J]. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 2000, 16(6): 432-437.
[40]	Tavares E, Martinho G, Dores JA, et al. Marjolin′s ulcer associated with ulceration and chronic osteomyelitis[J]. An Bras Dermatol, 2011, 86(2): 366-369.
[41]	Sánchez-García A, Alonso-Carpio M, Trapero A, et al. Atypical Presentation of a Marjolin Ulcer After a Burn: A Case Report[J]. Plast Surg Nurs, 2020, 40(4): 195-196.
[42]	Bozkurt M, Kapi E, Kuvat SV, et al. Current concepts in the management of Marjolin′s ulcers: outcomes from a standardized treatment protocol in 16 cases[J]. J Burn Care Res, 2010, 31(5): 776-780.
[43]	Shen R, Zhang J, Zhang F, et al. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic analysis of 51 patients with Marjolin′s ulcers[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2015, 10(4): 1364-1374.
[44]	Brantsch KD, Meisner C, Sch？nfisch B, et al. Analysis of risk factors determining prognosis of cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma: a prospective study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2008, 9(8): 713-720.
[45]	Motley R, Arron S. Mohs micrographic surgery for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2019, 181(2): 233-234.
[46]	Karasoy Yesilada A, Zeynep Sevim K, Özgur Sucu D, et al. Marjolin ulcer: clinical experience with 34 patients over 15 years[J]. J Cutan Med Surg, 2013, 17(6): 404-409.
[47]	Yoo JJ, Kim HS, Kim JH, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of skin cancer arising from burn scar: a single-institution experience[J]. Tumori, 2014, 100(1): 26-30.
[48]	Pala M, Novakova P, Pechacova Z, et al. Long-term results of radio(chemo)therapy in metastatic carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary. Adult Comorbidity Evaluation 27 score as a predictor of survival[J]. Strahlenther Onkol, 2023, 199(2): 149-159.
[49]	Marcus J, Glassberg E, Dimino-Emme L, et al. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma using benzoporphyrin derivative[J]. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1994, 20(6): 375-382.
[50]	Shi L, Liu P, Wu J, et al. The effectiveness and safety of X-PDT for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma[J]. Nanomedicine (Lond), 2019, 14(15): 2027-2043.
[51]	Keyal U, Bhatta AK, Zhang G, et al. Present and future perspectives of photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2019, 80(3): 765-773.
[52]	Keyal U, Luo Q, Bhatta AK, et al. Zinc pthalocyanine-loaded chitosan/mPEG-PLA nanoparticles-mediated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Biophotonics, 2018, 11(11): e201800114.
[53]	Almeida Gonçalves JC. Advanced cancer of the extremities treated by cryosurgery[J]. G Ital Dermatol Venereol, 2011, 146(4): 249-255.
[54]	Lee CN, Pan SC, Lee JY, et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with intralesional cryosurgery: Case report[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(39): e4991.
[55]	Xu C, Zhuo Y, Liu Y, et al. Itraconazole Inhibits the Growth of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting HMGCS1/ACSL4 Axis[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 828983.
[56]	Zhang Z, Deng X. circ_0001821 Contributes to the Development of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating MicroRNA-148a-3p/EGFR Axis and Activating Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway[J]. Mol Cell Biol, 2022, 42(3): e0008921.
[57]	Liang D, Zhang Z. MicroRNA-27b-3p inhibits the proliferation and invasion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting EGFR and MMP-13[J]. Oncol Lett, 2021, 22(4): 729.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export